Chapter+19+Homework

=Chapter 19 Homework= **__IDs__** //__(a. Define, and b. Give historical significance or context, and differentiate numbered entries from each other)__// **Imperialism** ¨ extending the power and dominion of a nation especially by direct territorial acquisitions or by gaining indirect control over the political or economic life of other areas ¨ Age of imperialism ended with World War II **First World** ¨ wealthy industrial free countries of the west ¨ former colonial powers and mostly capitalistic/democratic **Second World** ¨ communist nations of eastern europe, soviet union and china ¨ AKA eastern bloc, were communist/authoritarian **Third World** ¨ poorer, less developed nations of the south ¨ most were recently colonies of first world **developing nations** ¨ another name for third world ¨ nations are considered developing because they are economically behind or less developed than first and second world countries **ideology** ¨ system of thought or belief ¨ cold war rivalry was between capitalism and socialism **non-aligned** ¨ effort to remain neutral in the cold war alignment of countries ¨ goal of movement (led by India) was to reduce world tensions and promote policies to help third world **Cold War** ¨ ideological and political rivalry for world dominance between US (capitalism) and USSR (socialism) ¨ major political event of last half of 20th century **interdependence** ¨ dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world ¨ created by transportation, communication technologies; linkages present both problems and opportunities **United Nations** ¨ international organization set up at the end of WWII as a forum for settling disputes ¨ record of success, mixed **WMD** · weapons of mass destruction: nuclear, biological, chemical · since WWII, nations have been trying acquire these—a cause of concern **NPT** · Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, agreeing to stop the spread of nuclear weapons · first signed by many nations 1968, and renewed in 1995, although some nations refused to re-sign it **human rights** · rights which are acknowleged by most countries as belonging to all humans, including life, liberty, and security of person (UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948) · freedom of speech, religion and press, fair trial, to earn a living and to live in safety acknowledged by Helsinki Accords, 1975 · despite widespread acknowlegement of HR, torture, arbitrary arrest, lack of freedom are also widespread · some countries (ie communist) accuse west of bias toward political freedom while they believe improved living standards are more important. **terrorism** · willful use of violence, esp against civilians to achieve political goals · methods include bombings kidnappings, hijackings, shootings · US declared global war on terrorism after 9/11 attacks **multinational corporation** · companies with branches in many countries · exploit cheap labor available in many less dev countries and send profits out of country back to global north **privatization** · selling off state-owned industries to private enterprises · reform forced by IMF as conditions for loans, in order to make economies more efficient; immediate effects tended to hurt the poor **urbanization** · movement of rural populations to cities · accompanies industrial development,offers econ opport and culture, also tends to break down traditional culture (family, village, religious ties); rapid urbanization leads to lack of services and appalling conditions **Westernization** · sometimes seen as synonymous with modernization; adoption of western values · some third world countries are trying to accept modernization but also trying to keep traditional values regarding family life and religion **fundamentalism** · the movement in many religions to emphasize the fundamental or basic values of the faith · these folks tend to reject modern ways and values, and have recently been assertive in seeking political power in order to accomplish their goals **feminist movement** · movement to accomplish equal rights for women; sometimes just accomplishes added responsibilities for women · raises difficult social issues regarding new roles for men and women in personal, family, economic, and political life **Green Revolution** · application of scientific technology to farming · positives: increased output of grain for hungry world · negatives: only wealthy farmers could afford required supplies, (fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation), put small farmers out of business, only worked in regions with enough moisture **__Short Answer__** //__(answer in full, in paragraph or bullet-list format)__// **1 What two major changes came about in world politics after World War II?** ¨ Collapse of European Empires (European powers decline to second tier powers) ¨ Beginning of Cold War between new first tier powers: US and Soviet Union **2 How did the Cold War affect local or regional conflicts in the third world?** ¨ local conflicts took on cold war dimension ¨ US supported one side, USSR supported the other (often with $$ and military aid) ¨ superpowers thus confronted each other indirectly rather than face to face **3 List some problems that beset the newly independent countries after World War II.** ¨ countries were created out of european colonies whose boundary lines did not reflect understanding of local peoples and their ways of life and conflicts with nearby ethnic groups ¨ though most initially set up as democracies, many were not prepared for self-rule and suffered revolutions/civil wars/instability ¨ most people were poor and lacked opportunities ¨ many became dictatorships to establish order **4 Describe the roles of the important new international organizations that have formed since WW II.** ¨ UN: dispute settlement, decolonization, provide services in health, nutrition; sponsor summits on world issues ¨ EU, NAFTA, ASEAN, WTO: lower trade barriers, promote free trade, promote fair trade ¨ G-8: promotes economic cooperation, discuss economic, political, security issues ¨ World Bank, IMF: make loans to developing countries ¨ NGOs: promote global networks, cooperation (ex: IOC, Red Cross) **5 What nations today have nuclear weapons?** **6 What explains the difference in prosperity between the global North and South?** **7 List and briefly describe some international problems associated with global economic interdependence. What solutions have been attempted to ease these problems?** Problem || Description || Solution || Oil dependence || Rich countries dep on mideast for oil || Conservation; alternate sources of energy || Debt crisis || Poor countries have trouble paying on debts to rich countries; slows down economic development, hurts the poor when govts stop programs; hurts rich countries when banks are stuck with bad loans || Agreements to lower interest rates, restructure payments, cancel debts; developing countries often have to accept economic reforms (privatization) as condition of new deals; IMF offers advice and technical help || Financial markets interdependent || A crisis in one country spreads rapidly to others, bringing all countries down ||   || **8 List and briefly describe the obstacles to economic development facing poor nations.** **9 What historical development led to the exponential increase of human impact on the environment?** **10 Give some examples of the tension between the forces of modernity and tradition in the world today.**
 * There are currently eight [|states] that have successfully detonated [|nuclear weapons] . Five are considered to be "nuclear weapons states", an internationally recognized status conferred by the [|Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty] (NPT). In order of acquisition of nuclear weapons these are: the ** [|United States], [|Russia] ** (successor state to the [|Soviet Union] ), the ** [|United Kingdom] , [|France] , and [|China] **.
 * Since the formulation of the NPT, three non-signatory states of the NPT have conducted [|nuclear tests] : ** [|India], [|Pakistan] ,** and purportedly ** [|North Korea] **.
 * Additionally, ** [|Israel] ** is also strongly suspected to have an arsenal of nuclear weapons, though it has refused to confirm or deny this, and there have been reports that over 200 nuclear weapons might be in its [|inventory] . This status is not formally recognized by international bodies as none of these four countries are currently signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
 * ** [|Iran] ** has been developing uranium enrichment technology and stands accused by the [|United States] of doing so for weapons uses. Iran insists that its intentions are limited to domestic [|nuclear power] generation, despite plutonium traces being detected. As of [|February 4], [|2006] , the [|International Atomic Energy Agency] referred Iran to the United Nations [|Security Council] in response to concerns on their possible nuclear programs.
 * industrialized late in the game—competing against already industrialized countries
 * Global north controls much of the world’s capital, trade and technology; they control the prices of goods
 * multinational corporations remove much of the profit from third world enterprise from developing countries and limit workers’ attempts to seek higher wages
 * Geography: lack of resources, poor soil and climate, disease
 * Population and poverty: advanced medical care introd by colonial powers caused population boom (death rates dropped); when populations grow so fast, no economy can expand fast enough, much less a poor one; tradition + agricultural lifestyle and lack of access/education about family planning limit pop control efforts
 * economic dependence: patterns established in colonial days continue: they sell cash crops and raw materials to rich countries and depend on imported mfg goods; they borrow capital from rich countries and have trouble paying it back, making them beholden to those countries; and forcing them to spend extra capital on interest payments rather than on economic development
 * Economic policies: socialism (chosen by many poor countries) often blocks sustained economic growth
 * Political instability: wars and dictators tend to short cut economic growth and development
 * the industrial revolution with its population explosion and technology magnified the impact of humans on the environment
 * to accept western values and materialism or to remain traditional in values
 * to accept equality of men and women
 * what role should religion play in politics?
 * how far should medical technology be developed and used to extend life and what about those who cannot afford basic care?